Federal Public Service Commission announce the advert for the Competitive Exam of CSS 2012. Applications are invited for the CSS exams of Year 2012. The exam will held at different Test Center on 25th February 2012. More information about CSS 2012 exam is given below:
BZU(Bahauddin Zakaria University) Multan announced the Schedule for BA and BSc Registration for the year 2012. The dates and fees for the BA and BSc registration is given below. The registration forms will be available from Selected branches of Habib Bank Limited and United Bank Limited of Multan and Dera Ghazi khan division.
It is informed that Punjab University is starting registration from 15th April, 2011 with single fee Rs.1850/- for private candidates to participate in B.A/B.Sc Annual Examination 2012 which will be continued by 30th June, 2011. With double fee (new rate) this period has been fixed from 1st July, 2011 to 30th July, 2011 (Date Extended see Announcement below).
Registration form will be available from prescribed branches of Habib Bank Limited and information cell of Punjab University near IER Stop Quaid-e-Azam Campus (New Campus) on payment of Rs.15/- .
Moreover, this registration form can also be downloaded from the university website: www.pu.edu.pk/downloads/ or from here too
Download Registration Form
www.pu.edu.pk/page/downloads/registration-form.html
The candidates who have passed intermediate in 2010 or before or having equivalent eligibility can participate in B.A./ B.Sc Annual Examination 2012. The candidates, who have passed intermediate in Supply Examination 2010, will have to attach failed result card with the registration form otherwise form will not be accepted but rejected.
Attach matriculation, intermediate or equivalence certificate with registration form and in case of A and O level, it is necessary to obtain equivalence certificates from IBCC. It is necessary to attach attested copy of National Identity Card, one photograph, original NOC (if the candidate has passed intermediate examination from any board, outside the boundary line of Punjab University) and original bank challan of registration fee Rs.1850/-.
Registration forms having addresses of private colleges, academies and c/o addresses will not be accepted, therefore the candidates should write their own mailing addresses because these addresses will be recorded in the university and roll numbers, results and degrees will be sent on these addresses in the future. Moreover, the registration forms not fulfilling required eligibility and having incomplete particulars/ documents will not be received (detail of eligibility and required documents is written on the back of registration form).
Registration form should be filled carefully. Incomplete forms will be returned from the checking counter. No registration form will be received by hand or by post after 30th July, 2011 (Date Extended see Announcement below).
Mailing address
Deputy Registrar (General) Registration Branch.
Room No. 25 Admin Block, Punjab University Quaid-e-Azam Campus (New Campus) Lahore.
Phone No. 042-99231105
A new update about B.A B.Sc registration 2012 is announced by Punjab University about the date extension. The announcement is as follows:
PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT
PU further extends last date of BA/BSc annual exam 2012 registration
LAHORE: (Thursday, August 25, 2011): Punjab University has further extended the last date for registration of private candidates who want to appear in BA/BSc Annual Examination 2012 till September 15, 2012. Now the candidates can submit their registration forms and fee Rs 2350/- till September 15, 2012.
Candidates, who had passed Intermediate (FA/FSc/equivalent) Annual Examination 2010 are eligible for registration while candidates passing Intermediate Exam in Supplementary Examination 2010, would have to attach attested photocopy of their failed result card of Annual Exam 2010. The registration forms can be obtained from Reception Centre of PU New Campus and nominated branches of Habib Bank on depositing Rs 15/-. The registration form can also be downloaded from university website. The registration form, attested from gazetted officer, can be submitted along with testimonial photocopies of academic documents (including Matric and Intermediate), National Identity Card, one recent photograph and original bank receipt of Rs 2350/-. Complete forms in every aspect can be submitted during office timings (8:30 am to 2:00pm during Ramadan) and (8:30am to 4:00pm after Ramadan) in Registration Branch, Room No. 25 Administration Block, Punjab University New Campus Lahore or sent through registered mail on the above-said address.
Dr Ponomarenko, who carried out this work, shows his research sample: graphene quantum dots on a chip. (Credit: Image courtesy of University of Manchester)
Researchers have used the world’s thinnest material to create the world’s smallest transistor, one atom thick and ten atoms wide. Reporting their peer-reviewed findings in the journal Science, Dr Kostya Novoselov and Professor Andre Geim from The School of Physics and Astronomy at The University of Manchester show that graphene can be carved into tiny electronic circuits with individual transistors having a size not much larger than that of a molecule.
The smaller the size of their transistors the better they perform, say the Manchester researchers.
In recent decades, manufacturers have crammed more and more components onto integrated circuits. As a result, the number of transistors and the power of these circuits have roughly doubled every two years. This has become known as Moore’s Law.
But the speed of cramming is now noticeably decreasing, and further miniaturisation of electronics is to experience its most fundamental challenge in the next 10 to 20 years, according to the semiconductor industry roadmap.
At the heart of the problem is the poor stability of materials if shaped in elements smaller than 10 nanometres* in size. At this spatial scale, all semiconductors — including silicon — oxidise, decompose and uncontrollably migrate along surfaces like water droplets on a hot plate.
Four years ago, Geim and his colleagues discovered graphene, the first known one-atom-thick material which can be viewed as a plane of atoms pulled out from graphite. Graphene has rapidly become the hottest topic in physics and materials science.
Now the Manchester team has shown that it is possible to carve out nanometre-scale transistors from a single graphene crystal. Unlike all other known materials, graphene remains highly stable and conductive even when it is cut into devices one nanometre wide.
Graphene transistors start showing advantages and good performance at sizes below 10 nanometres – the miniaturization limit at which the Silicon technology is predicted to fail.
“Previously, researchers tried to use large molecules as individual transistors to create a new kind of electronic circuits. It is like a bit of chemistry added to computer engineering”, says Novoselov. “Now one can think of designer molecules acting as transistors connected into designer computer architecture on the basis of the same material (graphene), and use the same fabrication approach that is currently used by semiconductor industry”.
“It is too early to promise graphene supercomputers,” adds Geim. “In our work, we relied on chance when making such small transistors. Unfortunately, no existing technology allows the cutting materials with true nanometre precision. But this is exactly the same challenge that all post-silicon electronics has to face. At least we now have a material that can meet such a challenge.”
“Graphene is an exciting new material with unusual properties that are promising for nanoelectronics”, comments Bob Westervelt, professor at Harvard University. “The future should be very interesting”.
*One nanometre is one-millionth of a millimetre and a single human hair is around 100,000 nanometres in width.
A paper entitled “Chaotic Dirac Billiard in Graphene Quantum Dots” is published in April 17 issue of Science. It is accompanied by a Perspective article entitled “Graphene Nanoelectronics” by Westervelt.
Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Manchester.
— Researchers have used the world’s thinnest material to create the world’s smallest transistor, one atom thick and ten atoms wide. Reporting their peer-reviewed findings in the journal Science, Dr Kostya Novoselov and Professor Andre Geim from The School of Physics and Astronomy at The University of Manchester show that graphene can be carved into tiny electronic circuits with individual transistors having a size not much larger than that of a molecule.
The smaller the size of their transistors the better they perform, say the Manchester researchers.
In recent decades, manufacturers have crammed more and more components onto integrated circuits. As a result, the number of transistors and the power of these circuits have roughly doubled every two years. This has become known as Moore’s Law.
But the speed of cramming is now noticeably decreasing, and further miniaturisation of electronics is to experience its most fundamental challenge in the next 10 to 20 years, according to the semiconductor industry roadmap.
At the heart of the problem is the poor stability of materials if shaped in elements smaller than 10 nanometres* in size. At this spatial scale, all semiconductors — including silicon — oxidise, decompose and uncontrollably migrate along surfaces like water droplets on a hot plate.
Four years ago, Geim and his colleagues discovered graphene, the first known one-atom-thick material which can be viewed as a plane of atoms pulled out from graphite. Graphene has rapidly become the hottest topic in physics and materials science.
Now the Manchester team has shown that it is possible to carve out nanometre-scale transistors from a single graphene crystal. Unlike all other known materials, graphene remains highly stable and conductive even when it is cut into devices one nanometre wide.
Graphene transistors start showing advantages and good performance at sizes below 10 nanometres – the miniaturization limit at which the Silicon technology is predicted to fail.
“Previously, researchers tried to use large molecules as individual transistors to create a new kind of electronic circuits. It is like a bit of chemistry added to computer engineering”, says Novoselov. “Now one can think of designer molecules acting as transistors connected into designer computer architecture on the basis of the same material (graphene), and use the same fabrication approach that is currently used by semiconductor industry”.
“It is too early to promise graphene supercomputers,” adds Geim. “In our work, we relied on chance when making such small transistors. Unfortunately, no existing technology allows the cutting materials with true nanometre precision. But this is exactly the same challenge that all post-silicon electronics has to face. At least we now have a material that can meet such a challenge.”
“Graphene is an exciting new material with unusual properties that are promising for nanoelectronics”, comments Bob Westervelt, professor at Harvard University. “The future should be very interesting”.
*One nanometre is one-millionth of a millimetre and a single human hair is around 100,000 nanometres in width.
A paper entitled “Chaotic Dirac Billiard in Graphene Quantum Dots” is published in April 17 issue of Science. It is accompanied by a Perspective article entitled “Graphene Nanoelectronics” by Westervelt.
Story Source:
The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by University of Manchester
